How to Understand Your Lab Results in the Philippines

Your Health, Your Numbers—A Conversation with Your Rizal Doctor

Welcome. This guide is intended to be a conversation between you and your primary care team here in Rizal. Think of it as a partnership. The numbers and terms on your laboratory report can seem intimidating, but they tell a story—your unique health story. Our goal is to empower you to read that story, to understand what the numbers mean, and to become an active participant in your own well-being.

We must begin with a topic of urgent concern for every Filipino family: hypertension, or high blood pressure. It is often called the “silent killer” because it can damage your body for years without any obvious symptoms. The only way to know your status is to have your blood pressure checked and to understand the related numbers in your lab results. The reality of this condition in the Philippines is stark. The 2021 Philippine Heart Association’s PRESYON 4 trial revealed that the prevalence of hypertension among Filipino adults has surged to 37%, a dramatic increase from 22% in the 1990s. This means nearly four out of every ten Filipino adults are living with a condition that is a primary cause of heart disease and stroke—the top two leading causes of death in our country. The story of Mang Toryo, a 56-year-old jeepney driver whose life was cut short by a heart attack stemming from uncontrolled hypertension, is a tragedy that is far too common in our communities.

This guide is your roadmap to preventing such outcomes. We will walk you through the fundamentals of lab testing in the Philippines, explaining why “normal” values can differ and how to prepare for your tests. We will then demystify the most common lab reports—from the Complete Blood Count to tests for your heart, kidneys, and liver. Finally, and most importantly, we will translate this knowledge into action. This guide is written specifically for you, our fellow Rizaleños. We will connect your lab results to practical, culturally-sensitive lifestyle changes and point you to the rich resources available right here in our province—from the fresh produce at our local markets to the beautiful hiking trails that can serve as your natural gym. Let us begin this journey together, turning numbers into knowledge, and knowledge into a healthier, longer life.

Ready to take the first step in understanding your health story? Schedule your annual check-up with the trusted primary care team here at Antipolo Doctors Hospital to discuss your health and get your baseline lab tests done.

 

The Foundations of Laboratory Testing in the Philippines

Before delving into specific test results, it is essential to understand the context in which these tests are performed. The numbers on your report are not absolute; they are part of a larger system involving statistical ranges, careful preparation, and national health programs designed to support you. This foundational knowledge will equip you to interpret your results with clarity and confidence.

Why “Normal” Isn’t Universal: Understanding Reference Ranges

One of the first things patients notice on a lab report is the “Reference Range” or “Normal Values” column. It is a common misconception that these are universal figures. In reality, a reference interval is a statistical range, typically encompassing the results of 95% of a tested “healthy” population. This means that 5% of healthy individuals will naturally have results that fall outside of this range.

Several factors contribute to why these ranges can differ significantly from one laboratory to another. Different labs may use different testing equipment, analytical methods, and chemical reagents, all of which can produce slight variations in results. For this reason, it is crucial to always interpret your results using the specific reference range provided by the laboratory that performed your test. It is also why your doctor may advise you to use the same laboratory for recurring tests, as consistency allows for more accurate tracking of trends over time.

Furthermore, the characteristics of the reference population itself are critical. There is a growing recognition of the need for locally established reference ranges that reflect the specific genetic and environmental factors of a population. Studies conducted in the Philippines have demonstrated this necessity. For instance, research on coagulation tests established reference intervals for Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) in Filipino adults that differed from foreign-sourced and manufacturer-provided values by a significant 2 to 4 seconds. Similarly, a study on testosterone levels in young, healthy Filipino men was conducted precisely because ethnic differences in adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and hormone-binding globulin levels can affect what is considered “normal”.

Beyond laboratory and population differences, your own demographic profile plays a vital role. Normal values are often stratified by age and sex. For example, normal hemoglobin levels are higher for men than for women, and creatinine levels vary based on muscle mass, which also differs by sex. Age is another key factor; TSH levels, which measure thyroid function, tend to be higher in individuals over 80, and what is considered normal changes throughout childhood and adolescence. Pregnancy also dramatically alters the body’s chemistry, necessitating specific reference ranges for each trimester for tests like the thyroid panel. This complex interplay of factors underscores a central message: a lab result is not just a number, but a piece of data that requires careful interpretation within your unique personal and clinical context.

Preparing for Your Blood Test: A Patient’s Checklist

The accuracy of your lab results begins before you even arrive at the diagnostic center. Proper preparation is essential to ensure that the numbers reflect your true baseline health, free from temporary fluctuations caused by recent activities or meals. Following this checklist can help you and your doctor get the most accurate information from your tests.

• Fasting: For certain tests, particularly the Lipid Profile (cholesterol and triglycerides) and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), you will be instructed to fast. This typically means abstaining from all food and drink (except for water) for 8 to 12 hours prior to the blood draw. The reason is straightforward: nutrients and sugars from food are absorbed into your bloodstream and can temporarily elevate levels of glucose and fats, leading to an inaccurate assessment of your baseline metabolic health. Chewing gum and drinking coffee or tea should also be avoided during the fasting period.
• Hydration: While you must abstain from food, drinking plenty of water is encouraged. Being well-hydrated makes your veins more accessible, which can make the blood draw process smoother and more comfortable. Dehydration, on the other hand, can lead to hemoconcentration, a state where the liquid portion of your blood is decreased, which can falsely increase the values of tests like hematocrit, albumin, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
• Timing of the Test: It is best to schedule your blood test in the morning, ideally between 7:00 AM and 10:00 AM. Many substances in the body follow a circadian rhythm, meaning their levels naturally fluctuate throughout the day. Hormones such as cortisol (the stress hormone) and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) are typically highest in the morning, and reference ranges are based on these morning values.
• Medications and Supplements: It is crucial to inform your doctor and the laboratory staff of all medications, vitamins, and supplements you are taking. Many substances can interfere with test results. For example, high doses of Vitamin C can affect bilirubin and glucose levels, while diuretics can alter liver enzyme results. A particularly common interference comes from biotin (Vitamin B7), a popular supplement for hair and nails, which can lead to inaccurate results for many hormone tests, including thyroid function tests. Your doctor will advise you if you need to temporarily stop any medications before your test.
• Lifestyle Factors: On the day before your test, avoid strenuous physical exercise, as it can temporarily affect enzyme levels and white blood cell counts. It is also wise to avoid alcohol and smoking, as these can impact various metabolic and cardiovascular markers. Finally, try to relax and minimize stress before your blood draw, as acute stress can cause a temporary spike in white blood cells and certain hormones.

Navigating the Philippine Healthcare System: DOH Programs and PhilHealth Coverage

Understanding your lab results also involves knowing the systems in place to help you access and pay for them. The Philippine government, through the Department of Health (DOH) and the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth), has established programs aimed at making healthcare more proactive and accessible.

The DOH has increasingly shifted its focus towards preventing non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are the leading causes of illness and death in the country. Initiatives like the Philippines Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions (PhilPEN) and the Healthy Hearts Programme are designed to improve the detection and management of conditions like hypertension and diabetes at the primary care level. The Healthy Hearts Programme, for instance, provides healthcare workers with tools and training for cardiovascular disease screening and utilizes a Hypertension e-Registry to monitor patients, with a successful pilot in Iloilo achieving an 80% blood pressure control rate among participants.

Central to accessing these services is the PhilHealth YAKAP (Yaman ng Kalusugan Program para Malayo sa Sakit), formerly known as the Konsulta Package. This program is a cornerstone of the Universal Health Care law and is designed to strengthen primary care by shifting the focus from expensive, hospital-based treatment to community-level prevention and early detection. For residents of Rizal, it is important to know that there are accredited YAKAP providers across the province, bringing these benefits directly to our communities.

The YAKAP package provides coverage for a range of essential services, including:

• Consultations and Health Screening: Initial and follow-up consultations with a primary care physician, along with health risk screening and assessment.
• Essential Medicines: The program has expanded its coverage from 21 to 75 essential medicines, available through partner pharmacies with a benefit limit of ₱20,000 per patient annually.
• Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests: The package covers a list of 20 essential laboratory tests. These include:
  • Complete Blood Count (CBC) with platelet count
  • Urinalysis and Fecalysis
  • Lipid Profile (Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides)
  • Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and HbA1c
  • Creatinine
  • Chest X-ray and Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  • Pap Smear and Sputum Microscopy
• Expanded Cancer Screening: A significant enhancement under YAKAP is the inclusion of high-value outpatient cancer screening tests, which can be availed free of charge at select hospitals with a doctor’s referral. This is a critical step towards early detection. The covered tests and their package rates are:
  • Mammogram: ₱2,610
  • Breast Ultrasound: ₱1,350
  • Low-Dose Chest CT Scan (for lung cancer): ₱7,220
  • Alpha Fetoprotein (for liver cancer): ₱1,230
  • Liver Ultrasound: ₱960
  • Colonoscopy (for colorectal cancer): ₱23,640

By enrolling in the PhilHealth YAKAP program through your local accredited provider, you can significantly reduce out-of-pocket expenses for these vital preventive and diagnostic services. This system is designed to empower you to monitor your health regularly, long before a condition becomes severe.

The Complete Blood Count (CBC) – A Window into Your Overall Health

The Complete Blood Count, or CBC, is one of the most frequently ordered blood tests, and for good reason. It is a broad screening tool that provides a wealth of information about your overall health by measuring the different types of cells that make up your blood. Think of it as a census of your bloodstream, counting the workers (red cells), the soldiers (white cells), and the first responders (platelets). Understanding this report is the first step in decoding your body’s internal status.

The Three Pillars of Blood: An Overview

Your blood is composed of three main types of cells, each with a distinct and vital role. The CBC measures the quantity and quality of these cells. A single CBC can help your doctor detect a wide range of conditions, from nutritional deficiencies and infections to bleeding disorders and even certain cancers. The test evaluates the three pillars of your blood: Red Blood Cells, which are responsible for oxygen transport; White Blood Cells, which form your immune defense; and Platelets, which are crucial for blood clotting.

Red Blood Cells (RBC), Hemoglobin (Hgb) & Hematocrit (Hct): Your Body’s Oxygen Carriers

This part of the CBC report focuses on the capacity of your blood to carry oxygen, which is essential for energy and life.

• Function: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) are the most numerous cells in your blood, and their primary job is to transport oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. They accomplish this with the help of Hemoglobin (Hgb), an iron-rich protein that binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. Hematocrit (Hct) is a measurement of the percentage of your blood volume that is made up of red blood cells. These three values are interconnected and are usually evaluated together.
• Normal Values: Reference ranges vary slightly, but typical values for adults are:
  • Hemoglobin (Hgb): Male: 14–18 g/dL; Female: 12–16 g/dL.
  • Hematocrit (Hct): Male: 41%–50%; Female: 36%–44%.
• Interpretation of Low Values (Anemia): When your RBC, Hgb, and Hct levels are below the normal range, it indicates a condition called anemia. This means your blood has a reduced capacity to carry oxygen, which can lead to symptoms like fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and shortness of breath. In the Philippines, anemia remains a significant public health concern. The most common cause is iron deficiency, often due to a diet lacking in iron-rich foods like meat, fish, and green leafy vegetables. While the country has made progress, a 2023 survey showed that anemia still affects vulnerable populations, including 21.8% of pregnant women, 11.4% of children under five, and about 20% of senior citizens.
• Interpretation of High Values (Erythrocytosis): An abnormally high red blood cell count, known as erythrocytosis, can make the blood thicker, potentially increasing the risk of clotting. This can be caused by factors that reduce oxygen levels in the body, such as smoking or living at high altitudes, or it may point to underlying heart or lung disease. Dehydration can also temporarily and falsely elevate these levels.

White Blood Cells (WBC): Your Immune System’s Army

White blood cells are the cornerstone of your immune system, defending your body against foreign invaders.

• Function: WBCs, or leukocytes, are your body’s soldiers. They identify and destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens that cause infection and illness. A standard CBC provides a total WBC count. A “differential” count, which is often included, breaks this down into the different types of WBCs (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, etc.), providing more specific clues about the nature of an immune response.
• Normal Values: The typical reference range for the total WBC count in adults is between 4,500 and 11,000 cells per cubic millimeter (cells/mm³) or 4.5–11.0 x $10^9$/L.
• Interpretation of High WBC (Leukocytosis): An elevated WBC count, known as leukocytosis, is most commonly a sign that your body is actively fighting an infection. The count can also rise in response to inflammation, severe physical or emotional stress, or as a reaction to certain medications. While less common, a very high and persistent WBC count can be a marker for blood cancers like leukemia.
• Interpretation of Low WBC (Leukopenia): A low WBC count, or leukopenia, indicates a weakened immune defense, making you more susceptible to infections. This can be caused by viral infections that disrupt bone marrow function, autoimmune disorders, severe bacterial infections (sepsis), or as a side effect of certain medications, including chemotherapy.

Platelets (Thrombocytes): The Clotting Responders

Platelets are the smallest of your blood cells, but they have a mighty job: preventing and stopping bleeding.

• Function: When a blood vessel is injured, platelets rush to the site, clumping together to form a plug that seals the damage. This process is the first step in blood clotting.
• Normal Values: The normal platelet count in adults typically ranges from 150,000 to 350,000 per cubic millimeter (cells/mm³).
• Interpretation of Low Platelets (Thrombocytopenia) in the Context of Dengue: A low platelet count, or thrombocytopenia, can lead to an increased risk of bleeding. While it can be caused by various conditions, it holds special significance in the Philippines due to its strong association with Dengue fever. Dengue is a viral illness transmitted by mosquitoes that is widespread in the country, with cases often peaking during the rainy season. The virus can suppress bone marrow and destroy platelets, leading to a rapid drop in their count. According to Department of Health (DOH) guidelines, a platelet count below 150,000/mm³ is a key diagnostic criterion for Dengue. A progressively falling platelet count, especially when combined with a rising hematocrit (a sign of plasma leakage), is a critical warning sign that the illness may be progressing to a more severe form. This knowledge is vital, as it signals the need for close monitoring and potential hospitalization to manage complications.

The “Puso” Panel – Assessing Your Cardiovascular Risk

Heart disease remains the leading cause of death among Filipinos, a reality driven by a combination of genetics, lifestyle, and diet. The laboratory tests in this section—often referred to collectively as a “Puso Panel” or cardiac risk panel—provide a direct look at the key markers that influence your cardiovascular health. Understanding these numbers is a critical step in preventing heart attacks and strokes.

Lipid Profile: Understanding Your Cholesterol

A lipid profile is a blood test that measures the amount of fats, or lipids, in your blood. These fats are necessary for your body, but imbalanced levels can lead to serious health problems.

• Components: The panel typically includes four main measurements:
  • Total Cholesterol: The overall amount of cholesterol in your blood.
  • Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol: Often called “bad” cholesterol. High levels of LDL can lead to the buildup of plaque in your arteries (atherosclerosis), narrowing them and increasing your risk for heart attack and stroke.
  • High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol: Known as “good” cholesterol. HDL helps remove excess cholesterol from your arteries, carrying it back to the liver for disposal.
  • Triglycerides: A type of fat used for energy. High levels, often linked to diet and lifestyle, also contribute to artery hardening.
• Normal Values: While your doctor will determine your specific targets based on your overall risk profile, the generally desirable ranges for most adults are:
  • Total Cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL
  • LDL Cholesterol: Less than 100 mg/dL
  • HDL Cholesterol: 60 mg/dL or higher
  • Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL
• Interpretation and the Filipino Diet: Abnormal cholesterol levels, or dyslipidemia, is a major cardiovascular risk factor in the Philippines. This is strongly linked to the traditional Filipino diet, which, while delicious, can be high in saturated and trans fats, sodium, and cholesterol. Dishes that are deep-fried, rich in fatty meats, or use generous amounts of cooking oil contribute to elevated LDL and triglyceride levels. Consistently high levels of these lipids in your blood are a silent warning that plaque may be accumulating in your arteries, setting the stage for future cardiovascular events.

Blood Sugar Markers: The Diabetes Detectives

These tests measure the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood and are the primary tools for diagnosing and monitoring prediabetes and diabetes.

• Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS): The “Snapshot” Test: This test measures your blood glucose level after you have not eaten for at least eight hours. It provides a snapshot of your blood sugar at that moment. A normal FBS level is considered to be below 100 mg/dL.
• Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): The “3-Month Average”: This test offers a more comprehensive view of your blood sugar control over the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of your hemoglobin that is coated with sugar. The higher your blood sugar levels have been, the higher your HbA1c will be. For most adults without diabetes, a normal HbA1c level is less than 5.7%.
• Interpretation and Philippine Context: Elevated blood sugar is a significant and growing health problem in our country. The International Diabetes Federation estimates that the prevalence of diabetes in Filipino adults is 7.5%, translating to over 4.7 million cases. The DOH confirms over 656,000 diagnosed cases, with a strong likelihood that many more remain undiagnosed. An FBS result between 100 and 125 mg/dL or an HbA1c between 5.7% and 6.4% typically indicates prediabetes, a critical warning stage where lifestyle changes can still prevent the progression to full-blown diabetes. An FBS of 126 mg/dL or higher, or an HbA1c of 6.5% or higher on two separate occasions, confirms a diagnosis of diabetes. Uncontrolled diabetes is a leading cause of serious complications, including heart disease, stroke, and, critically in the Philippines, chronic kidney disease.

Uric Acid: More Than Just Gout

While most commonly associated with a painful form of arthritis, uric acid levels are also an important indicator of metabolic health and cardiovascular risk.

• Function: Uric acid is a natural waste product formed when the body breaks down substances called purines, which are found in many foods and are also produced by the body.
• Normal Values: Uric acid levels are typically higher in men. The general reference ranges are:
  • Male: 3.5–7.2 mg/dL
  • Female: 2.6–6.0 mg/dL
• Interpretation: High levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) can lead to the formation of sharp crystals that deposit in the joints, causing the intense pain and swelling of a gout attack. Gout is a common ailment in the Philippines, affecting an estimated 1.6 million people. Foods high in purines, which can raise uric acid levels, include organ meats, red meat, and certain types of seafood like anchovies and sardines—all common in the Filipino diet. Beyond gout, it is important to understand that elevated uric acid is also increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for developing hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, making it another crucial piece of your heart health puzzle.

Concerned about your heart health or metabolic numbers? The comprehensive laboratory and cardiac services at Antipolo Doctors Hospital can provide the clear answers you need. Visit their website to learn more about their health packages.

The Body’s Filters – Checking Your Liver and Kidney Function

Your kidneys and liver are your body’s master filtration systems, working tirelessly to remove waste, toxins, and excess fluid. The health of these organs is deeply interconnected with your cardiovascular and metabolic status. The conditions discussed in the previous section—hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia—are the primary drivers of chronic kidney and liver disease. These tests provide a crucial check-up on how well these vital organs are functioning.

Kidney Function Tests (Creatinine & BUN)

These two tests are the standard for assessing how well your kidneys are filtering waste from your blood.

• Function: Your muscles produce a waste product called Creatinine at a steady rate as part of normal daily activity. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is another waste product that forms when your body breaks down protein. Healthy kidneys filter both of these substances out of your blood and excrete them in your urine. If your kidneys are not functioning properly, these waste products will build up in your bloodstream.
• Normal Values: Typical reference ranges for adults are:
  • Creatinine: Male: 0.9–1.3 mg/dL; Female: 0.6–1.1 mg/dL. Levels are generally lower in women due to typically having less muscle mass.
  • BUN: 8–23 mg/dL.
• Interpretation and Philippine Context: Persistently elevated levels of creatinine and BUN are key indicators of impaired kidney function, or Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). This connection is critically important for every Filipino to understand. The two leading causes of CKD and eventual kidney failure are uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension. When blood sugar is consistently high, it damages the tiny filtering units (glomeruli) in the kidneys. Similarly, high blood pressure damages the blood vessels within the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste. Therefore, an abnormal kidney function test is often not a new, separate problem, but a direct and serious consequence of poorly managed metabolic conditions. This makes controlling your blood sugar and blood pressure not just about heart health, but about preserving your kidney function for life.

Liver Function Tests (SGPT/ALT & SGOT/AST)

These tests measure the levels of enzymes in your blood that can indicate liver inflammation or damage.

• Function: Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) are enzymes found mainly in the liver cells. When liver cells are damaged or inflamed, these enzymes leak into the bloodstream, causing their levels to rise. While SGOT is also found in other tissues like the heart and muscles, SGPT is more specific to the liver.
• Normal Values: General reference ranges are:
  • SGPT (ALT): 7 to 56 units per liter (U/L)
  • SGOT (AST): 10 to 40 units per liter (U/L)
• Interpretation and the “Silent Epidemic”: Elevated liver enzymes can signal a variety of conditions, including viral hepatitis (discussed next), damage from excessive alcohol consumption, or side effects from certain medications. However, a growing concern in the Philippines is Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). This condition, where excess fat builds up in the liver, is closely linked to obesity, high cholesterol, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. It is considered a “silent epidemic,” affecting an estimated 10-20% of Filipinos, with many unaware they have it because it often presents with no symptoms in its early stages. An elevated SGPT or SGOT on a routine lab test is often the very first indication of NAFLD, making this test a vital tool for early detection and intervention through lifestyle changes.

Hepatitis B Screening (HBsAg & Anti-HBs)

Given its high prevalence in the Philippines, screening for Hepatitis B is a crucial part of a comprehensive health check-up.

• The Importance of Screening: Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver. In the Philippines, an estimated one in ten people has chronic Hepatitis B, making it a major public health issue. Many people with chronic infection show no symptoms for years, yet the virus can be silently causing progressive liver damage. Chronic Hepatitis B is a leading cause of cirrhosis (liver scarring) and liver cancer, which is the second most common cause of cancer-related death among Filipinos. Screening is essential for early detection, management, and preventing transmission to others.
• Interpreting the Key Tests: The two most common tests in a basic screening panel are HBsAg and Anti-HBs.
  • HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen): This is a protein on the surface of the virus. A positive (+) HBsAg result means that the virus is present in your body. You have an active Hepatitis B infection (either acute or chronic) and can pass the virus to others.
  • Anti-HBs or HBsAb (Hepatitis B surface antibody): This is the protective antibody your immune system produces. A positive (+) Anti-HBs result means you are protected or “immune” to Hepatitis B. This immunity can be the result of either recovering from a past infection or successfully completing the Hepatitis B vaccination series.

The combination of these two results provides a clear picture of your status, as shown in the table below.

HBsAg Result	Anti-HBs Result	Interpretation
Negative (-)	Negative (-)	Susceptible. You are not infected and not immune. You should consider getting vaccinated.
Negative (-)	Positive (+)	Immune. You are protected, either from vaccination or a past infection.
Positive (+)	Negative (-)	Infected. You have an active Hepatitis B infection (acute or chronic).
Positive (+)	Positive (+)	This is an uncommon result that requires further testing and interpretation by a doctor.

Beyond the Basics – Other Key Laboratory Tests

While the previous sections covered tests related to your blood counts and major organs, other common laboratory examinations provide further valuable insights into your body’s overall function. The thyroid panel assesses your metabolism’s master regulator, while a simple urinalysis can offer clues about everything from hydration and kidney health to infections and metabolic issues.

Thyroid Panel (TSH, T4, T3): Your Body’s Metabolism Regulator

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in your neck that produces hormones essential for regulating your body’s metabolism—the rate at which you use energy. Its function is controlled by a delicate feedback system involving the pituitary gland in your brain.

• The Feedback Loop: The pituitary gland produces Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH). TSH, as its name suggests, travels to the thyroid gland and signals it to produce its two main hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). When levels of T4 and T3 in the blood are high, they signal the pituitary to produce less TSH. When T4 and T3 levels are low, the pituitary produces more TSH to stimulate the thyroid. This continuous loop keeps your metabolism in balance.
• The Tests:
  • TSH: This is the most sensitive and important initial test for thyroid function. Because of the feedback loop, an abnormal TSH level is often the first sign of a thyroid problem.
  • Free T4 (FT4): T4 is the primary hormone produced by the thyroid. This test measures the “free” or active form of T4 that is available for your body’s cells to use. It is often ordered alongside TSH to get a clearer picture of thyroid function.
• Normal Values: Reference ranges can vary, especially between laboratories and depending on age and pregnancy status. However, general ranges for non-pregnant adults are:
  • TSH: 0.5 to 5.0 mIU/L. Some experts suggest a narrower optimal range, and levels naturally increase with age.
  • Free T4 (FT4): 0.7 to 1.9 ng/dL.
• Interpretation: The relationship between TSH and FT4 helps diagnose the type of thyroid disorder. The following table provides a simplified guide:

TSH Level	Free T4 (FT4) Level	Common Interpretation	Condition
High	Low	The thyroid is not producing enough hormone, so the pituitary is overcompensating by shouting (high TSH).	Primary Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid)
Low	High	The thyroid is producing too much hormone, so the pituitary is shutting down TSH production.	Primary Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid)
High	Normal	The pituitary is working harder to keep thyroid hormone levels normal. This can be an early sign of thyroid failure.	Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Low	Normal	The pituitary is sensing slightly high thyroid hormone levels. This can be an early sign of an overactive thyroid.	Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
Low	Low	Both the pituitary and thyroid are underproducing. This may indicate a problem with the pituitary gland itself.	Central Hypothyroidism

Routine Urinalysis: What Your Pee Can Tell You

A routine urinalysis is a simple, non-invasive test that can reveal a surprising amount of information about your health. It involves a three-part evaluation of your urine sample.

• Physical Examination: The lab first observes the urine’s physical properties.
  • Color and Clarity: A normal color is typically pale to dark yellow. Very dark urine may suggest dehydration, while cloudy urine can be a sign of infection.
• Chemical Examination (Dipstick Test): A chemically treated strip is dipped into the urine to check for various substances. Abnormal findings include:
  • Glucose: The presence of sugar in the urine is a common sign of uncontrolled diabetes, as the kidneys are unable to reabsorb the excess glucose from the blood.
  • Protein: While trace amounts can be normal, significant levels of protein (proteinuria) can be an early sign of kidney disease, often related to hypertension or diabetes.
  • Leukocyte Esterase and Nitrites: Leukocytes are white blood cells. Their presence, along with nitrites (a byproduct of bacteria), strongly suggests a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI).
  • Blood (Hemoglobin): Blood in the urine (hematuria) can be caused by UTIs, kidney stones, or other issues within the urinary tract.
  • Ketones: These are produced when the body burns fat for energy. High levels can be a sign of uncontrolled diabetes, specifically diabetic ketoacidosis.
• Microscopic Examination: A small amount of the urine is examined under a microscope to look for elements not visible to the naked eye.
  • Red and White Blood Cells (RBCs/WBCs): Confirms the presence of blood or inflammation. A normal count is typically very low (e.g., 0-5 cells per high-power field).
  • Bacteria or Yeast: The presence of microorganisms confirms an infection.
  • Casts: These are tube-shaped particles formed in the kidneys. While some (hyaline casts) can be normal, the presence of red or white blood cell casts can indicate more serious kidney disease.
  • Crystals: The formation of crystals (like calcium oxalate or uric acid) can be a sign that a person is at risk for developing kidney stones.

A urinalysis is a powerful screening tool that can provide the first clues to a wide range of conditions affecting your metabolic and renal health.

From Numbers to Action – A Practical Health Guide for Rizaleños

Understanding your lab results is the first step. The next, and most crucial, step is to translate that knowledge into meaningful action. Your daily choices regarding food, movement, and stress management are the most powerful tools you have to improve your numbers and safeguard your long-term health. This section is dedicated to providing practical, culturally relevant, and localized advice for you, our fellow resident of Rizal.

Kain Tayo! Crafting a Heart-Healthy Filipino Plate

Our cuisine is a source of pride and comfort, but many traditional favorites can be high in sodium, unhealthy fats, and sugar, contributing to hypertension and high cholesterol. Common condiments like toyo (soy sauce), patis (fish sauce), and bagoong (shrimp paste) are major sources of sodium. However, eating healthy does not mean abandoning our culinary heritage. It means making smart, delicious adjustments.

A highly recommended eating plan for managing blood pressure is the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet. Its principles are perfectly adaptable to the Filipino plate: it encourages eating more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; choosing lean protein sources; and limiting sodium, saturated fats, and added sugars.

Here are some practical ways to create a heart-healthy Filipino plate:

• Embrace Healthier Cooking Methods: Prioritize cooking methods that use less oil. Boiling (*nilaga*), steaming (*pinasingaw*), and grilling (*inihaw*) are excellent alternatives to deep-frying (*prito*), which adds significant amounts of unhealthy fats to food.
• Load Up on Local Vegetables: Our province is rich in nutritious produce. Make vegetables the star of your plate. Local favorites like *kangkong* (water spinach), *ampalaya* (bitter gourd), *talong* (eggplant), and the superfood *malunggay* (moringa) are packed with vitamins and minerals that have been shown to help control blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol.
• Pick Lean Protein: While *lechon* is a celebrated treat, daily protein should come from leaner sources. Opt for fish like *bangus* (milkfish) and *tulingan* (mackerel tuna), which are rich in heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. Skinless chicken breast and lean cuts of pork (*lomo*) are also great choices. Plant-based proteins like tofu (*tokwa*) are excellent for incorporating into dishes like *tinola* or *adobo*.

The following table offers simple swaps to make some of our most beloved dishes healthier.

Common Dish	High-Risk Ingredients	Healthier Swap/Preparation	Benefit
Pork Adobo	Fatty pork belly (*liempo*), regular soy sauce	Use lean pork loin (*lomo*) or chicken breast; use low-sodium soy sauce or coconut aminos; add vegetables like potatoes or carrots.	Reduces saturated fat and sodium.
Sinigang na Baboy	Fatty pork ribs, excess *patis*	Use fish like *bangus* or shrimp; rely on the natural souring agent (*sampalok*) for flavor instead of adding extra salt.	Reduces saturated fat and sodium, increases omega-3s.
Lechon Kawali	Deep-fried pork belly	Enjoy occasionally in small portions; or try air-fried or oven-roasted *liempo* for a similar crispy texture with less oil.	Drastically reduces trans and saturated fats.
Pinakbet	*Bagoong*, fatty pork	Use a smaller amount of *bagoong* and rinse it first; use lean protein like shrimp or tofu instead of pork.	Reduces sodium and saturated fat.
Fried Fish (*Pritong Isda*)	Deep-frying in oil	Grill (*inihaw*), steam (*pinasingaw*), or bake the fish instead. Serve with a dipping sauce of vinegar, garlic, and onions.	Reduces unhealthy fats.

To find these fresh ingredients, you can visit the numerous public markets throughout Rizal. In Antipolo, you have the Cogeo Wet and Dry Market, the main Antipolo Public Market, and the Farmers’ Weekend Market at Sumulong Park, which features organically-grown produce. In Cainta, the Cainta Public Market and Karangalan Market are popular choices for fresh produce, meats, and seafood. The New Taytay Public Market serves the residents of Taytay and surrounding areas.

Galaw-Galaw! Finding Your Movement in Rizal

Regular physical activity is non-negotiable for a healthy heart. It helps manage weight, lower blood pressure, and improve cholesterol and blood sugar levels. The Philippine National Guidelines on Physical Activity (PNGPA) recommend that adults engage in at least 30 to 60 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity most days of the week.

This doesn’t mean you need an expensive gym membership. The guidelines emphasize incorporating “active daily tasks” like brisk walking, climbing stairs, and doing household chores into your routine. Fortunately, for those of us in Rizal, our province is a natural playground, offering a wealth of opportunities to get moving.

Hiking is an excellent way to improve cardiovascular health while enjoying the beautiful scenery of our province. Many trails are suitable for beginners and families.

Trail Name	Location	Difficulty for Beginners	Approx. Duration	Notes
Mt. Batolusong	Tanay, Rizal	Beginner-friendly (Mapatag Plateau trail)	1.5-2 hours to plateau	Known for potential “sea of clouds” view; can get hot.
Mt. Parawagan	Rodriguez, Rizal	Beginner-friendly, suitable for trail running	10km total (out and back)	Dirt road trail, guides not necessary but available.
Mt. Oro	Rodriguez, Rizal	Easy (2/9 difficulty)	45-90 mins to summit	Short hike with 360-degree views.
Mt. Pamitinan	Rodriguez, Rizal	Minor climb (3/9 difficulty) but involves rocky paths	1.5-3 hours to summit	Requires use of hands for scrambling; gloves advisable.

For those who prefer structured activities, several local government units (LGUs) and community organizations offer fitness programs. The Antipolo LGU provides free sports clinics at the Antipolo Sports Educational Hub, which includes activities like Zumba. In Taytay, UPLiFT has organized community “Zumba Plus” events at the San Juan Gym, with plans to continue the program.

Managing “Stress”: Culturally Rooted Techniques for Well-being

In the Philippines, there is a strong cultural belief that links emotional and physical stress—what we might call init ng ulo (hot-headedness)—to “high blood” or pag-akyat ng dugo (the rising of blood). While not a direct medical explanation, this intuition is correct. Chronic stress leads to the release of hormones like cortisol that can constrict blood vessels and elevate heart rate, contributing to hypertension over time. Managing stress is therefore a critical part of managing your health.

We can draw strength from our own cultural values to cope with stress. These include:

• ***Tiyaga***: The value of patience, perseverance, and endurance in the face of hardship.
• ***Lakas ng loob***: Tapping into our inner strength, courage, and resilience to overcome challenges.
• ***Bahala na***: An expression of optimistic fatalism, drawing strength from faith to endure difficult situations and trust in a higher power.

These cultural mindsets can be complemented by universal stress-reduction techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, deep breathing exercises, and seeking emotional support from trusted family and friends.

Rizal offers many beautiful and tranquil places where you can unwind and de-stress:

• Nature Retreats: Find peace at Hinulugang Taktak National Park in Antipolo, a historic waterfall surrounded by a park with picnic areas and walking paths. For a more immersive nature experience, 3 Springs Mountain Park and Anyap Falls & Nature Park, both in Tanay, offer camping, hiking, and panoramic views of the Sierra Madre mountains.
• Wellness Spas: For a day of pampering and relaxation, places like Luljetta’s Hanging Gardens Spa in Antipolo offer massages, sauna, and hydrotherapy pools with stunning views.
• Meditation and Reflection: The serene gardens of the Pintô Art Museum and the peaceful, nature-integrated architecture of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Parish, both in Antipolo, provide quiet spaces for contemplation and spiritual renewal.

Your Health Support System: Finding Help and Community

You are not alone on your health journey. A strong support system is crucial for managing chronic conditions like hypertension.

• National Organizations: For credible, up-to-date information, you can turn to national professional societies. The Philippine Heart Association (PHA) and the Philippine Society of Hypertension (PSH) are leading organizations dedicated to the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases. They develop clinical practice guidelines, conduct research, and run awareness campaigns.
• Community-Based Programs: The value of local, community-based support cannot be overstated. These programs provide education, regular monitoring, and the encouragement of peers who share similar health challenges. The DOH has supported the creation of local Hypertension Clubs. Models like the Community Health Assessment Program in the Philippines (CHAP-P) have proven effective in rural communities by using trained volunteer health workers to provide risk assessment, blood pressure monitoring, and health education. A project in Abra, the “Gacab high Blood group,” successfully brought together patients, their relatives, and local health staff for education, counseling, and regular monitoring, improving medication adherence and health knowledge. We encourage you to inquire at your local Rural Health Unit (RHU) or Barangay Health Station about similar programs available here in Rizal.

Your Doctor as Your Partner in Health

This guide has taken you on a journey through the numbers on your lab report, translating them into a meaningful narrative about your health. We have seen how a simple Complete Blood Count can reflect major public health concerns in the Philippines, like anemia and Dengue. We have connected the dots between the food on our plates, the numbers in our “Puso Panel,” and the long-term health of our vital organs, the kidneys and liver. Most importantly, we have grounded this knowledge in the unique context of our home province, Rizal, highlighting the local resources available to help you turn this knowledge into action.

The key message is one of empowerment. Your lab results are not a final judgment but a starting point for a more informed conversation with your primary care doctor. By understanding your numbers, you transform from a passive patient into an active, engaged partner in your own healthcare. Together, we can build a healthier future for you, your family, and our community here in Rizal.

Don’t wait to take charge of your health. The dedicated doctors and state-of-the-art laboratory here at Antipolo Doctors Hospital are here to guide you. Book a consultation today to review your lab results and create a personalized health plan.